nuclear radiation - definitie. Wat is nuclear radiation
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Wat (wie) is nuclear radiation - definitie

PROCESS BY WHICH AN UNSTABLE ATOM EMITS RADIATION
Radioactivity; Radioactive; Decay mode; Nuclear decay; Nuclear Decay; Activity (radioactivity); Subnuclear transformation; Atomic Decay; Atomic decay; Nuclear Radiation; Becquerel Rays; Radioactive Decay; Radioactivite; Decay rate; Total activity; Elements, radioactive; Radio activity; Radiation, nuclear; Change of decay rate; Radiation, Radioactivity; Nuclear disintegration; Radioelement; Decay, radioactive; Table of radioactive decay; Decay law for radioactivity; Radioative process; Radioactive process; Radioactive decay law; Szilard–Chalmers effect; Szilard-Chalmers Effect; Solar influence on radioactive decay; Quantum decay; Szilard-Chalmers effect; Decay activity; Radioactive disintegration
  • [[Alpha particle]]s may be completely stopped by a sheet of paper, [[beta particle]]s by aluminium shielding. [[Gamma ray]]s can only be reduced by much more substantial mass, such as a very thick layer of [[lead]].
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  • Taking an X-ray image with early [[Crookes tube]] apparatus in 1896. The Crookes tube is visible in the centre. The standing man is viewing his hand with a [[fluoroscope]] screen; this was a common way of setting up the tube. No precautions against radiation exposure are being taken; its hazards were not known at the time.
  • <sup>137</sup>Cs decay scheme showing half-lives, daughter nuclides, and types and proportion of radiation emitted
  • Example of diurnal and seasonal variations in gamma ray detector response.
  • Gamma-ray energy spectrum]] of uranium ore (inset). Gamma-rays are emitted by decaying [[nuclide]]s, and the gamma-ray energy can be used to characterize the decay (which nuclide is decaying to which). Here, using the gamma-ray spectrum, several nuclides that are typical of the decay chain of <sup>238</sup>U have been identified: <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>214</sup>Pb, <sup>214</sup>Bi.
  • half-lives]] have elapsed.
  • Radioactivity is characteristic of elements with large atomic numbers. Elements with at least one stable isotope are shown in light blue. Green shows elements of which the most stable isotope has a half-life measured in millions of years. Yellow and orange are progressively less stable, with half-lives in thousands or hundreds of years, down toward one day. Red and purple show highly and extremely radioactive elements where the most stable isotopes exhibit half-lives measured on the order of one day and much less.
  • Pierre and Marie Curie in their Paris laboratory, before 1907
  • n<sup>0</sup>]] emissions, EC denotes [[electron capture]]).
  • Graphic showing relationships between radioactivity and detected ionizing radiation
  • Types of radioactive decay related to neutron and proton numbers

Synchrotron radiation         
  • Synchrotron from an astronomical source
  • Synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet
  • Synchrotron radiation from an undulator
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EMITTED WHEN CHARGED PARTICLES ARE ACCELERATED RADIALLY
Synchrotron Radiation; Synchrotron emission; Synchotron radiation; Synchrotron light; Curvature radiation; Magnetobremsstrahlung; Gyro radiation
Synchrotron radiation (also known as magnetobremsstrahlung radiation) is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when relativistic charged particles are subject to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity (). It is produced artificially in some types of particle accelerators, or naturally by fast electrons moving through magnetic fields.
synchrotron radiation         
  • Synchrotron from an astronomical source
  • Synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet
  • Synchrotron radiation from an undulator
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EMITTED WHEN CHARGED PARTICLES ARE ACCELERATED RADIALLY
Synchrotron Radiation; Synchrotron emission; Synchotron radiation; Synchrotron light; Curvature radiation; Magnetobremsstrahlung; Gyro radiation
¦ noun Physics polarized radiation emitted by a charged particle spinning in a magnetic field.
Radiation burn         
DAMAGE TO THE SKIN OR OTHER BIOLOGICAL TISSUE CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO RADIATION
Radiation burns; Radiodermatitis; Radiation dermatitis; Actinodermatitis; Radiation recall reaction; Radiation-induced erythema multiforme; Acute radiodermatitis; Chronic radiodermatitis; Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy; Radiation acne; Beta burn; Beta burns; Nuclear tan; Radiation recall reactions; Radiation-induced dermatosis; Radiation-induced injury; Nuclear sunburn; Gamma burn; Alpha burn; Radiation recall
A radiation burn is a damage to the skin or other biological tissue and organs as an effect of radiation. The radiation types of greatest concern are thermal radiation, radio frequency energy, ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation.

Wikipedia

Radioactive decay

Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is considered radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha decay (α-decay), beta decay (β-decay), and gamma decay (γ-decay), all of which involve emitting one or more particles. The weak force is the mechanism that is responsible for beta decay, while the other two are governed by the electromagnetism and nuclear force. A fourth type of common decay is electron capture, in which an unstable nucleus captures an inner electron from one of the electron shells. The loss of that electron from the shell results in a cascade of electrons dropping down to that lower shell resulting in emission of discrete X-rays from the transitions. A common example is iodine-125 commonly used in medical settings.

Radioactive decay is a stochastic (i.e. random) process at the level of single atoms. According to quantum theory, it is impossible to predict when a particular atom will decay, regardless of how long the atom has existed. However, for a significant number of identical atoms, the overall decay rate can be expressed as a decay constant or as half-life. The half-lives of radioactive atoms have a huge range; from nearly instantaneous to far longer than the age of the universe.

The decaying nucleus is called the parent radionuclide (or parent radioisotope), and the process produces at least one daughter nuclide. Except for gamma decay or internal conversion from a nuclear excited state, the decay is a nuclear transmutation resulting in a daughter containing a different number of protons or neutrons (or both). When the number of protons changes, an atom of a different chemical element is created.

  • Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle (helium nucleus).
  • Beta decay occurs in two ways;
  • In gamma decay a radioactive nucleus first decays by the emission of an alpha or beta particle. The daughter nucleus that results is usually left in an excited state and it can decay to a lower energy state by emitting a gamma ray photon.
  • In neutron emission, extremely neutron-rich nuclei, formed due to other types of decay or after many successive neutron captures, occasionally lose energy by way of neutron emission, resulting in a change from one isotope to another of the same element.
  • In electron capture, the nucleus may capture an orbiting electron, causing a proton to convert into a neutron. A neutrino and a gamma ray are subsequently emitted.
  • In cluster decay and nuclear fission, a nucleus heavier than an alpha particle is emitted.

By contrast there are radioactive decay processes that do not result in a nuclear transmutation. The energy of an excited nucleus may be emitted as a gamma ray in a process called gamma decay, or that energy may be lost when the nucleus interacts with an orbital electron causing its ejection from the atom, in a process called internal conversion. Another type of radioactive decay results in products that vary, appearing as two or more "fragments" of the original nucleus with a range of possible masses. This decay, called spontaneous fission, happens when a large unstable nucleus spontaneously splits into two (or occasionally three) smaller daughter nuclei, and generally leads to the emission of gamma rays, neutrons, or other particles from those products. In contrast, decay products from a nucleus with spin may be distributed non-isotropically with respect to that spin direction. Either because of an external influence such as an electromagnetic field, or because the nucleus was produced in a dynamic process that constrained the direction of its spin, the anisotropy may be detectable. Such a parent process could be a previous decay, or a nuclear reaction.

For a summary table showing the number of stable and radioactive nuclides, see radionuclide. There are 28 naturally occurring chemical elements on Earth that are radioactive, consisting of 34 radionuclides (6 elements have 2 different radionuclides) that date before the time of formation of the Solar System. These 34 are known as primordial nuclides. Well-known examples are uranium and thorium, but also included are naturally occurring long-lived radioisotopes, such as potassium-40.

Another 50 or so shorter-lived radionuclides found on Earth such as radium-226 and radon-222, are the products of decay chains that began with the primordial nuclides, or are the product of ongoing cosmogenic processes, such as the production of carbon-14 from nitrogen-14 in the atmosphere by cosmic rays. Radionuclides may also be produced artificially in particle accelerators or nuclear reactors, resulting in 650 of these with half-lives of over an hour, and several thousand more with even shorter half-lives. (See List of nuclides for a list of these sorted by half-life.)

Voorbeelden uit tekstcorpus voor nuclear radiation
1. A U.S. military RC–135, an electronic monitoring aircraft, flew around the Sea of Japan yesterday in an effort to detect nuclear radiation, two intelligence sources said.
2. He said the effects of smoking, sunlight, asbestos and nuclear radiation often take more than a decade to show up in the form of cancers.
3. The report said the US government had a secret programme monitoring homes and workplaces of Muslims and mosques in at least six cities for signs of nuclear radiation.
4. By Shahar Ilan Local defense establishment officials reported yesterday that Israel has recently purchased a new supply of Logol pills against nuclear radiation.
5. The docking of the Nimitz, powered by two nuclear plants and has over 65 fighter jets onboard comes amid opposition from environmental groups, Left parties, AIADMK and MDMK, citing fears of nuclear radiation.